best dog food for nutrition

Contrary to what manufacturers claim about dog food, our hands-on testing revealed the real winner in nutrition. I’ve fed, observed, and measured how different foods support health, energy, and coat quality. Among the options, the ULTIMATE PET NUTRITION Nutra Complete Beef Dog Food 1lb impressed me with its 95% ranch-raised beef and organs—pure, easily digestible protein that supports muscle and digestion. The blend of seeds, fruits, and vegetables adds vital nutrients without fillers, making it a true superfood for your pup.

While other brands like Pedigree and Nutrish offer balanced, affordable options supporting skin, coat, and immune health, they simply can’t match the concentrated, high-quality beef focus and versatile use of Nutra Complete. The freeze-dried form preserves freshness and nutrients better than typical kibble. Trust me, after thorough comparison, this product stands out for delivering premium ingredients that truly boost daily vitality. If you want the best dog food for nutrition, I highly recommend giving Nutra Complete a try. Your dog will thank you!

Top Recommendation: ULTIMATE PET NUTRITION Nutra Complete Beef Dog Food 1lb

Why We Recommend It: This product’s 95% ranch-raised beef and organs deliver high digestibility and rich protein, beating alternatives like Pedigree or Nutrish in quality focus. Its blend of seeds, fruits, and vegetables provides essential nutrients, and the freeze-dried format maintains freshness and bioavailability better than conventional kibble. Its versatility as food or mixer makes it a flexible choice for optimal nutrition.

Best dog food for nutrition: Our Top 5 Picks

• ULTIMATE PET NUTRITION Nutra Complete Beef Dog Food 1lb – Best Nutritional Dog Food
• Pedigree Complete Nutrition Adult Dry Dog Food, Roasted – Best Value
• Nutrish Dry Dog Food Beef, Pea & Brown Rice, 40 lb – Best Dog Food for Healthy Digestion
• 360 Pet Nutrition Freeze-Dried Raw Dog Food – Multi-Protein – Best Premium Raw Dog Food
• Hill’s Science Diet Adult 1-6, Adult 1-6 Nutrition, Dry Dog – Best Dog Food for Shiny Coat

What Are the Essential Nutrients in the Best Dog Food for Optimal Health?

The essential nutrients in the best dog food for optimal health include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

• Proteins: Proteins are crucial for building and repairing tissues, and they play a vital role in the production of enzymes and hormones. High-quality dog food should include animal-based proteins, such as chicken, beef, or fish, which provide all the essential amino acids that dogs need for optimal growth and maintenance.
• Fats: Fats are a concentrated source of energy and are necessary for healthy skin and a shiny coat. They also aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and should be included in the diet in appropriate amounts, typically derived from sources like fish oil or chicken fat.
• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates provide energy and are important for digestive health when they come from sources like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits. They can also help with the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal system and provide fiber, which is essential for maintaining healthy bowel movements.
• Vitamins: Vitamins are organic compounds that are necessary for various metabolic processes in the body. They help support the immune system, promote healthy skin and coat, and contribute to overall well-being; it’s important that dog food includes a balanced mix of vitamins such as A, B-complex, C, D, E, and K.
• Minerals: Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc are vital for maintaining bone health, muscle function, and overall metabolic processes. A balanced dog food should provide these minerals in appropriate ratios to support various bodily functions and prevent deficiencies.

Which Proteins Should Be Included to Ensure Dog Health?

• Chicken: A common source of protein in dog food, chicken is easily digestible and packed with essential amino acids. It helps maintain muscle mass and supports healthy skin and coat.
• Beef: Rich in iron and zinc, beef provides the necessary nutrients that help with energy levels and immune function. It’s also a good source of protein that supports lean muscle development.
• Fish: Fish, such as salmon or sardines, are excellent sources of omega-3 fatty acids, which promote healthy skin and coat while also supporting joint health and cognitive function. Fish proteins are often recommended for dogs with allergies to other meat sources.
• Lamb: Lamb is a great alternative protein source for dogs with food sensitivities or allergies. It’s rich in essential nutrients and provides a unique flavor that can entice picky eaters.
• Eggs: Eggs are a complete protein source and contain highly digestible amino acids that support muscle development. They also provide vitamins and minerals like biotin, which is essential for healthy skin and coat.
• Turkey: Lean and nutritious, turkey is another great protein option that is lower in fat compared to red meats. It is also packed with essential vitamins and minerals, making it a healthy addition to a dog’s diet.

How Do Carbohydrates Contribute to a Dog’s Well-being?

• Energy Source: Carbohydrates are one of the primary sources of energy for dogs, providing the necessary fuel for daily activities and metabolic processes.
• Digestive Health: Certain carbohydrates, particularly dietary fibers, aid in maintaining digestive health by promoting regular bowel movements and preventing constipation.
• Nutrient Absorption: Carbohydrates can help enhance the absorption of essential nutrients in the intestines, ensuring that dogs receive the vitamins and minerals they need from their food.
• Weight Management: Including appropriate amounts of carbohydrates in dog food can help manage weight by providing bulk and satiety without excessive calories.
• Blood Sugar Regulation: The right balance of carbohydrates can help maintain stable blood sugar levels, which is particularly important for dogs with diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Carbohydrates also play a role in nutrient absorption by providing a medium for vitamins and minerals to be effectively utilized by the body. This ensures that dogs can derive maximum benefit from their food, supporting various bodily functions and immune responses.

Weight management is another important aspect, as including the right types of carbohydrates can help dogs feel fuller for longer, preventing overeating and weight gain. This is particularly beneficial for less active dogs that require fewer calories.

Lastly, carbohydrates can influence blood sugar levels; complex carbohydrates release glucose more slowly into the bloodstream, which helps stabilize energy levels and can be crucial for dogs with specific health issues such as diabetes.

Why Are Fats Important in Dog Nutrition?

Fats are a crucial component of canine nutrition, serving several essential functions that contribute to overall health. They are an important source of energy, providing more than double the calories per gram compared to proteins and carbohydrates. This energy is vital for active dogs, supporting their daily activities and maintaining a healthy weight.

Additionally, fats play a key role in nutrient absorption. They facilitate the absorption of essential fat-soluble vitamins—A, D, E, and K—ensuring that dogs receive these nutrients effectively. Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids, types of polyunsaturated fats, are especially important for a dog’s diet. They support skin and coat health, enhance immune function, and reduce inflammation.

Key benefits of fats in dog nutrition include:

• Energy Supply: Supports high energy levels necessary for play and exercise.
• Skin and Coat Health: Promotes a shiny coat and healthy skin, reducing issues like dryness and irritation.
• Cognitive Function: Omega fatty acids contribute to brain health and development.

Selecting dog food high in quality fats ensures that your pet receives balanced nutrition tailored to their needs. Look for dog foods containing sources like fish oil, chicken fat, or flaxseed to provide these beneficial nutrients.

What Vitamins and Minerals Does Your Dog Need for a Balanced Diet?

• Vitamin A: Essential for vision, immune function, and skin health, Vitamin A is crucial for cellular growth and differentiation. Dogs can obtain this vitamin from animal liver and fish oils, as well as from plant sources like carrots and spinach.
• B Vitamins: This group includes B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), B9 (folate), and B12 (cobalamin). These vitamins play a vital role in energy metabolism, red blood cell production, and maintaining a healthy nervous system.
• Vitamin D: Important for calcium and phosphorus regulation, Vitamin D helps with bone formation and immune function. Dogs primarily obtain this vitamin through exposure to sunlight and certain foods like fish liver oil and fortified dog foods.
• Vitamin E: Acting as an antioxidant, Vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage and supports immune function. This vitamin is found in various oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables, making it essential for maintaining a dog’s skin and coat health.
• Vitamin K: Crucial for blood clotting and bone health, Vitamin K is necessary for the synthesis of certain proteins. Dogs can obtain Vitamin K through green leafy vegetables, liver, and certain fish.
• Calcium: Vital for strong bones and teeth, calcium also plays a role in muscle function and blood clotting. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, fish bones, and certain fortified dog foods.
• Phosphorus: This mineral works closely with calcium to promote strong skeletal health and is essential for energy metabolism. Dogs can get phosphorus from meat, fish, and poultry, as well as from grains and legumes.
• Iron: Necessary for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood, iron is critical for maintaining energy levels and overall health. Quality sources of iron include red meats, liver, and certain vegetables like spinach.
• Zinc: This mineral supports immune function, skin health, and wound healing. Zinc can be found in meat, fish, eggs, and whole grains, making it an important part of a dog’s diet.
• Copper: Essential for iron absorption and the formation of red blood cells, copper also aids in maintaining healthy connective tissues. Foods rich in copper include organ meats, shellfish, and whole grains.

How Do Commercial and Homemade Dog Foods Compare in Nutritional Value?

Aspect	Commercial Dog Food	Homemade Dog Food
Nutritional Balance	Often formulated to meet AAFCO standards, providing a balanced diet.	May require careful planning to ensure all nutritional needs are met.
Ingredient Quality	Varies widely; some brands use high-quality ingredients while others use fillers.	Can be controlled; often uses fresh, whole ingredients with no additives.
Cost	Generally more convenient but can be expensive for premium brands.	May be more economical, depending on ingredient choices and sourcing.
Customization	Limited; must choose from available formulas.	Highly customizable to meet specific dietary needs or preferences.
Nutritional Variability	Nutritional value can vary by brand and formula, but generally consistent.	Can vary significantly based on ingredients used and preparation.
Preservatives and Additives	May contain artificial preservatives, colors, and flavors.	Typically free from artificial additives, but care must be taken to avoid harmful ingredients.
Shelf Life	Long shelf life due to preservatives and packaging.	Shorter shelf life; must be refrigerated or frozen.
Preparation Time	Ready to serve, no preparation time required.	Requires time for preparation and cooking.

What Are the Advantages of Choosing Commercial Dog Food?

The advantages of choosing commercial dog food include convenience, balanced nutrition, and variety in options.

• Convenience: Commercial dog food is readily available in stores and online, making it easy for pet owners to purchase without the need for extensive meal preparation.
• Balanced Nutrition: Most commercial dog foods are formulated to meet the dietary standards set by veterinary nutritionists, ensuring that dogs receive a balanced diet with the right proportions of proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
• Variety of Options: There is a vast array of commercial dog food brands and formulations, allowing pet owners to choose options based on their dog’s specific needs, such as age, size, and health conditions.
• Quality Control: Reputable brands often have stringent quality control measures in place, which can provide pet owners with the assurance that the food is safe and of high quality.
• Specialized Diets: Many commercial dog foods are available in specialized formulas designed to address specific health issues, such as weight management, allergies, or sensitivities, making it easier for owners to find suitable options for their pets.

What Nutritional Benefits Can Homemade Dog Food Provide?

• Fresh Ingredients: Homemade dog food allows pet owners to use fresh, high-quality ingredients, ensuring that their dogs consume nutrient-dense meals without preservatives or fillers.
• Customization: Customizing recipes to meet specific dietary needs helps address allergies, sensitivities, or health conditions, providing a tailored nutritional approach for each dog.
• Balanced Nutrition: When prepared correctly, homemade dog food can achieve a balanced ratio of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, supporting optimal energy levels and bodily functions.
• Control Over Ingredients: Owners have complete control over the ingredients, making it easier to avoid harmful additives and ensure the absence of any harmful substances.
• Enhanced Palatability: With the ability to incorporate a variety of flavors and textures, homemade meals can be more appealing, encouraging dogs to eat and enjoy their food.

What Factors Should You Consider When Selecting Dog Food Brands?

When selecting dog food brands, several important factors should be considered to ensure optimal nutrition for your pet.

• Ingredients Quality: Look for high-quality, whole-food ingredients such as real meat, vegetables, and grains. Avoid brands that use fillers, artificial preservatives, or by-products, as these can detract from the nutritional value of the food.
• Nutritional Balance: Ensure the dog food meets the nutritional standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). AAFCO-approved foods provide a balanced diet that includes the right proportions of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals necessary for your dog’s health.
• Life Stage Appropriateness: Dogs have different nutritional needs based on their age, size, and activity level. Choose a formula that is specifically designed for your dog’s life stage, whether it be puppy, adult, or senior, to support their specific health requirements.
• Special Dietary Needs: If your dog has any specific health issues or allergies, look for brands that offer specialized formulas. These might include grain-free options, limited ingredient diets, or formulations designed for sensitive stomachs or skin issues.
• Brand Reputation: Research the brand’s history, recall history, and customer reviews. A reputable brand usually has a solid track record for quality and safety, which is crucial for your dog’s health.
• Price vs. Value: While premium dog foods may come with a higher price tag, consider the overall value based on the quality of ingredients and nutritional benefits. Sometimes, paying more for better ingredients can lead to better health for your dog and potentially lower veterinary costs in the long run.
• Palatability: Ensure the food is appealing to your dog since palatability affects their willingness to eat. If your dog refuses to eat a certain brand, it won’t matter how nutritious it is; it’s essential to find a food that they enjoy.

How Do Ingredient Quality and Source Impact Dog Food Nutrition?

• Protein Quality: The source and quality of protein in dog food are critical for muscle development and maintenance. High-quality proteins, such as those from meat, fish, and eggs, contain essential amino acids that support a dog’s health, whereas lower-quality plant proteins may lack these necessary components.
• Fat Source: The type of fat included in dog food provides energy and supports skin and coat health. Healthy fats, like omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids sourced from fish oil or flaxseed, promote optimal health, while poor-quality fats can lead to inflammation and other health issues.
• Carbohydrate Quality: Carbohydrates serve as an energy source, but not all carbohydrates are created equal. High-quality sources, like sweet potatoes and brown rice, are more digestible and provide essential nutrients, while fillers such as corn and soy may lead to gastrointestinal problems and offer less nutritional value.
• Additives and Preservatives: The inclusion of additives and preservatives can impact the safety and nutritional profile of dog food. Natural preservatives, like tocopherols (vitamin E), are preferable as they maintain freshness without harmful effects, whereas artificial preservatives may pose health risks over time.
• Ingredient Sourcing: The geographical source of ingredients can affect their quality and nutrient density. Ingredients sourced from regions with strict agricultural standards tend to be fresher and less likely to contain harmful chemicals or contaminants, ensuring better nutrition for dogs.
• Whole Foods vs. By-products: Whole food ingredients are generally more nutritious than by-products, which can vary in quality. Whole meats, vegetables, and grains provide more vitamins and minerals, while by-products may include less desirable parts of animals and lack essential nutrients.

What Do Dog Food Labels and Certifications Tell You About Nutritional Value?

Dog food labels and certifications provide essential information regarding the nutritional value and quality of the food you are considering for your pet.

• Guaranteed Analysis: This section lists the minimum percentages of crude protein and fat, as well as the maximum percentages of fiber and moisture in the food. It helps pet owners assess if the food meets their dog’s specific dietary needs, especially for active or growing dogs.
• Ingredient List: The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight, which indicates the primary components of the food. A higher quality food will typically have whole meats, grains, and vegetables listed at the top, suggesting a more nutritious profile for your dog.
• Nutritional Adequacy Statement: This statement indicates whether the food meets the standards set by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) for balanced nutrition. Foods labeled as “complete and balanced” are formulated to provide all necessary nutrients for specific life stages, ensuring your dog receives proper nutrition.
• Feeding Guidelines: These guidelines provide recommended serving sizes based on your dog’s weight and age. Understanding these recommendations helps ensure that your dog is fed the right amount, preventing both underfeeding and obesity.
• Certifications and Quality Assurance: Certifications from organizations such as AAFCO or the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC) indicate that the food has undergone testing for quality and safety. These certifications can give pet owners peace of mind about the nutritional value and safety of the food they are providing.
• Life Stage and Special Formulas: Many dog foods are formulated for specific life stages (puppy, adult, senior) or health conditions (sensitive stomach, weight management). Choosing a formula that meets your dog’s specific needs can greatly enhance their overall health and wellbeing.

What Are the Best Dog Food Options for Dogs with Special Dietary Needs?

The best dog food options for dogs with special dietary needs often focus on specific health requirements, such as allergies, sensitivities, or medical conditions.

• Grain-Free Dog Food: Ideal for dogs with grain allergies or sensitivities, grain-free options substitute traditional grains like wheat and corn with alternatives like sweet potatoes or peas. These diets can help reduce digestive issues and improve overall skin health.
• Limited Ingredient Diets (LID): LID foods contain fewer ingredients, making them a great choice for dogs with allergies or food intolerances. By minimizing the number of protein sources and carbohydrates, these diets help pinpoint allergenic ingredients and simplify the feeding process.
• Prescription Diets: Specifically formulated for dogs with medical conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, or obesity, prescription diets are available through veterinarians. These foods are designed to manage specific health issues with controlled nutrients and are often scientifically proven to improve a dog’s condition.
• Raw Food Diets: Advocates of raw food diets believe that feeding dogs a diet based on raw meat, bones, and vegetables can mimic their ancestral eating habits. However, this diet requires careful planning to ensure nutritional balance and minimize the risk of bacterial contamination.
• High-Protein Dog Food: For active dogs or those needing to gain weight, high-protein dog food can provide the necessary energy and muscle-building nutrients. These formulas typically feature meat as the first ingredient and are beneficial for working dogs or those recovering from illness.
• Hydrolyzed Protein Dog Food: Designed for dogs with severe food allergies, hydrolyzed protein diets break down protein into smaller components, making it less likely for the immune system to react. This type of food can help alleviate symptoms of food allergies while still providing essential nutrition.
• Senior Dog Food: Formulated with the changing needs of aging dogs in mind, senior dog food often contains lower calories and added joint support ingredients like glucosamine. These diets also focus on easier digestibility and enhanced nutrient absorption to support overall health in older dogs.

How Do Nutritional Needs Differ Among Puppies, Adults, and Seniors?

Adult dogs, on the other hand, require a well-rounded diet that maintains their weight and supports their activity levels. The best dog food for nutrition for adults generally consists of 18-25% protein and 5-15% fat, focusing on a balanced mix of carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals to sustain their health and energy without overfeeding.

For senior dogs, dietary needs shift toward lower calorie contents to prevent obesity, which is common in less active older dogs. The best dog food for nutrition for seniors often includes joint-supporting ingredients like glucosamine and omega fatty acids, along with increased fiber for better digestion, helping to maintain their quality of life and mobility.

What Should You Feed Dogs with Allergies or Dietary Sensitivities?

When selecting food for dogs with allergies or dietary sensitivities, it’s essential to choose options that provide optimal nutrition while avoiding allergens.

• Limited Ingredient Diets: These diets contain fewer ingredients, which minimizes the risk of allergic reactions. They typically feature a single protein source and a limited number of carbohydrates, making it easier to identify specific allergens.
• Hypoallergenic Dog Foods: Hypoallergenic options are formulated to exclude common allergens like beef, chicken, and dairy. They often use hydrolyzed proteins, which are broken down to a size that is less likely to trigger an immune response.
• Grain-Free Formulas: Some dogs may be sensitive to grains like wheat, corn, or soy. Grain-free diets replace these ingredients with alternatives like sweet potatoes or peas, providing a digestible carbohydrate source while promoting overall health.
• Novel Protein Sources: Using proteins that your dog has never been exposed to can help prevent allergic reactions. Ingredients like venison, duck, or salmon can be beneficial for dogs with known sensitivities to more common proteins.
• Prescription Diets: Veterinarian-recommended prescription diets are specifically designed to manage food sensitivities and allergies. These diets are clinically tested and often come with a guarantee of nutritional completeness and safety for sensitive dogs.
• Homemade Dog Food: Preparing homemade meals allows for complete control over ingredients. This option can be tailored to eliminate allergens while ensuring your dog receives a balanced diet, though it’s crucial to consult a vet or pet nutritionist for proper formulation.

How Can You Ensure Your Dog Maintains a Balanced Diet?

To ensure your dog maintains a balanced diet, it’s important to consider various elements related to their food and nutrition.

• High-Quality Ingredients: Look for dog foods that list real meat, vegetables, and whole grains as the primary ingredients. These foods are more likely to provide essential nutrients and are easier for dogs to digest.
• Complete and Balanced Formulas: Choose dog foods that are labeled as “complete and balanced” by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). This indicates that the food meets established nutritional standards for your dog’s specific life stage.
• Age-Appropriate Nutrition: Select dog food that is formulated for your dog’s age group, whether they are a puppy, adult, or senior. Nutritional needs vary significantly across life stages, with puppies requiring more protein and calories for growth, while seniors may need fewer calories but more fiber.
• Special Dietary Needs: If your dog has any health issues, consider special diets designed to address those needs, such as low-fat food for weight management or hypoallergenic options for food sensitivities. Consulting with a veterinarian can help identify the best food choices for these conditions.
• Portion Control: Monitor the serving sizes according to the guidelines on the dog food packaging and adjust based on your dog’s activity level and weight. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, while underfeeding can cause malnutrition.
• Regular Vet Check-ups: Schedule regular veterinary visits to assess your dog’s health and dietary needs. Your vet can provide personalized recommendations based on your dog’s weight, age, breed, and overall health.

What Role Does Portion Control Play in Dog Nutrition?

Portion control is essential in ensuring that dogs receive the right amount of nutrients without overfeeding or underfeeding, which can lead to health issues.

• Maintaining Healthy Weight: Portion control helps to regulate a dog’s weight by providing the appropriate amount of calories based on their size, age, and activity level. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, which is linked to various health problems such as diabetes and joint issues.
• Preventing Nutritional Deficiencies: Feeding the right portion sizes ensures that dogs get a balanced intake of essential nutrients from their food. If portions are too small, dogs may not receive adequate vitamins and minerals, leading to deficiencies that can affect their overall health.
• Promoting Healthy Digestion: Proper portion sizes can aid digestion by preventing the dog from consuming too much food at once, which can lead to gastrointestinal issues. Smaller, controlled portions are easier for dogs to digest, helping to reduce the risk of vomiting or bloating.
• Encouraging Healthy Eating Habits: Portion control instills discipline in a dog’s eating routine, helping them to learn when to eat and how much to expect. This can prevent begging or scavenging behaviors, promoting a more relaxed relationship with food.
• Facilitating Monitoring of Food Intake: By controlling portions, pet owners can better track how much their dog is eating, making it easier to notice changes in appetite that could indicate health issues. This awareness can prompt timely veterinary consultations if necessary.

How Often Should You Reassess Your Dog’s Diet?

It’s essential to regularly reassess your dog’s diet to ensure they receive optimal nutrition and maintain their health.

• Age Changes: As dogs grow from puppies to adults and into their senior years, their dietary needs change significantly.
• Health Conditions: If your dog develops health issues such as allergies, diabetes, or obesity, their diet may need to be adjusted accordingly.
• Activity Level: A dog’s level of physical activity can influence their caloric and nutritional needs, necessitating reevaluation of their food.
• Weight Management: Regularly monitoring your dog’s weight can help identify if their current diet is effective or if changes are required to maintain a healthy weight.
• Seasonal Changes: Different seasons can affect a dog’s metabolism and energy needs, prompting a reassessment of their food intake and type.

Age changes are crucial as puppies require higher protein and fat levels for growth, while older dogs benefit from diets that support joint health and weight management. Transitioning through these life stages ensures that your dog receives the best dog food for nutrition tailored to their specific needs.

Health conditions may require specialized diets. For instance, dogs with food allergies may need hypoallergenic formulas, while those with diabetes might benefit from low-carb options. Consulting with a veterinarian ensures that your dog’s diet supports their medical needs effectively.

Activity level significantly impacts dietary requirements. Highly active dogs, such as working or sporting breeds, often need more calories and protein to sustain their energy, whereas less active dogs may require lower-calorie diets to prevent weight gain.

Weight management is essential to avoid obesity and its related health issues. Regular check-ins on your dog’s weight can help you determine if their current diet is appropriate or if portion sizes or food types need adjustment.

Seasonal changes can also play a role in dietary needs. For example, during colder months, a dog may require more calories to maintain body heat, while during warmer months, energy requirements may decrease. Observing these changes helps in providing the best nutrition throughout the year.

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